Chapter 15 Model Semantics

A number of different tools interpret how Simulink / Stateflow models execute. These include Reactis, the MathWorks Simulation environment, and various autocode tools. In this chapter we discuss issues related to the semantics of Simulink / Stateflow models. In particular we focus on how model execution affects coverage tracking.

15.1 Conditional Input Branch Execution

A number of factors influence whether or not a Simulink block executes during a given simulation step. These include whether or not the block (or a subsystem containing the block) has a sample time and whether or not the block resides in a conditionally executed subsystem. Conditional input branch execution is an optimization supported by Simulink that offers an additional way to determine when blocks execute by disabling them in some cases. Beginning with V2006.3.5 (beta), Reactis also supports this feature.

To understand how conditional input branch execution works, consider the simple model shown in Figure 15.1. When input c is greater than or equal to zero, the Switch block outputs relop1 and ignores relop2. Conversely, when c is less than zero, the Switch block outputs relop2 and ignores relop1. The basic idea behind conditional input branch execution is to not execute ignored blocks.

Figure 15.1: Condition input branch execution causes some blocks not to execute in a given simulation step.

This optimization does not change outputs computed by the model, but it might speed up execution since some blocks do not execute. In the case of Reactis, the optimization has in important impact on coverage tracking. Namely, coverage targets for a block should not be considered to be covered during a simulation step when that block is ignored due to conditional input branch execution. For example, in the above model, neither the true nor false branch of relop2 should be considered covered when c is greater than or equal to zero.

In addition to Switch blocks, conditional input branch execution also applies to Multiport Switch blocks and non-virtual subsystems. That is the non-control inports of Multiport Switches and the inports of non-virtual subsystems each serve as the root of an ignorable branch just as each non-control inport of a Switch blocks does. We call these inports ignorable inports.

In the simple example above, each ignorable branch consisted of a single block wired to an ignorable inport; however, in general, an entire group of blocks might be ignored. The set of blocks included in an ignorable branch is computed as follows. A block B is included in an ignorable branch IB if it meets each of the following conditions:

B is a direct-feedthrough block. Such blocks do not maintain a state, instead their output values can be computed as a function only of their inputs. Examples of direct-feedthrough blocks include Gain, Sum, Logical Operator, and Relational Operator blocks. The following blocks are not direct-feedthrough blocks: Unit Delay, Discrete Integrator, Discrete State Space, Hit Crossing, Memory, Relay, Integer Delay, and S-Function (if there are ports that are not direct-feed-through).
B's outports only feed into either:
- the ignorable port at the root of IB; or
- the inports of blocks in IB.
B has the same underlying execution schedule as the block containing the ignorable inport at the root of IB. Two blocks have the same underlying execution schedule if:
- both are triggered by same trigger; and
- both are enabled by same enable port; and
- both have the same sample time (possibly inherited)

Reactis can be configured to have conditional input branch execution on, off or inherited from the setting in Simulink from the General tab of the Reactis Settings dialog (File -> Settings...).

In Simulink, a model is configured to use conditional branch execution in two ways.

For Switch and Multiport Switch blocks in the Simulation Parameters dialog.
1. Load your model in Simulink.
2. Select "Simulation -> Configuration Parameters..." menu item.
3. Click the "Optimization" tab.
4. Check the box for "Conditional input branch execution"
Figure 15.2: Simulation parameters dialog for configuring conditional input branch execution.
For non-virtual subsystems on a subsystem-by-subsystem basis.
1. Load your model in Simulink.
2. Right-click on a non-virtual subsystem and select "Subsystem parameters..."
3. Check the box for "Propagate execution context across subsystem boundary"